Resumen: Este escrito es un ensayo que busca tensionar el lugar de las imágenes en la experiencia religiosa, proponiendo que toda mirada religiosa es una mirada háptica, por tanto, una visualidad impura que involucra la corporalidad, el tacto y la cercanía de modo des-jerarquizado. La propuesta de este ensayo se basa en las metodologías visuales críticas, y se despliega a partir de una constelación de imágenes que muestran diversos lugares del cuerpo en un sentido religioso, comprometiendo algunos de sus elementos, (...) tales como el alma, la boca y el corazón. Se examinan imágenes en su relación con otras imágenes, objetos y oraciones, organizadas en series temáticas en función de su foco corporal. Las imágenes revisadas comienzan con una serie de la muerte de Santa Rosa de Lima, se concentran luego en la herida corporal en algunas iconografías de santos relativos al sagrado corazón de Jesús y termina en un conjunto de imágenes donde los corazones se independizan del cuerpo.: This essay aims to add further tension to the role of images in relation to religious experience, affirming that every sacred gaze is a haptic gaze, which is to say, a particular way of engaging with images through corporeality, proximity and touching in a non hierarchical way. The proposals exposed here are based on critical visual methodologies and it unfolds from a constellation of images emphasizing certain body parts in a religious sense, highlighting some of their elements, such as the soul, the mouth and the heart. These images are put in relation to other images, objects and prayers, and are organised in thematic series following their function on the corporal focus. The selected images comprise a series of Santa Rosa de Lima’s deathbed, then the attention goes to the exposed wounds of some saints devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and it ends in a group of iconographies where hearts are depicted independently of the body. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es explorar los mecanismos de la visualidad háptica aplicada a imágenes religiosas de reproducción masiva. Para ello, se ha trabajado con una muestra de estampas devocionales católicas perteneciente al Museo Histórico Nacional, las que corresponden a imágenes del Sagrado Corazón en sus distintas variantes. Sostengo que el carácter háptico de las imágenes es fundamental para la mirada religiosa y las formas de la creencia, evidenciando los mecanismos de persuasión que estas imágenes comportan, así como sus (...) implicaciones táctiles, visuales y corporales. (shrink)

Music can reduce stress and anxiety, enhance positive mood, and facilitate social bonding. However, little is known about the role of music and related personal or cultural variables in maintaining wellbeing during times of stress and social isolation as imposed by the COVID-19 crisis. In an online questionnaire, administered in 11 countries, participants rated the relevance of wellbeing goals during the pandemic, and the effectiveness of different activities in obtaining these goals. Music was found to be the most effective activity (...) for three out of five wellbeing goals: enjoyment, venting negative emotions, and self-connection. For diversion, music was equally good as entertainment, while it was second best to create a sense of togetherness, after socialization. This result was evident across different countries and gender, with minor effects of age on specific goals, and a clear effect of the importance of music in people's lives. Cultural effects were generally small and surfaced mainly in the use of music to obtain a sense of togetherness. Interestingly, culture moderated the use of negatively valenced and nostalgic music for those higher in distress. (shrink)

How do we acquire a mental representation of our own face? Recently, synchronous, but not asynchronous, interpersonal multisensory stimulation between one’s own and another person’s face has been used to evoke changes in self-identification . We investigated the conscious experience of these changes with principal component analyses that revealed that while the conscious experience during synchronous IMS focused on resemblance and similarity with the other’s face, during asynchronous IMS it focused on multisensory stimulation. Analyses of the identified common factor structure (...) revealed significant quantitative differences between synchronous and asynchronous IMS on self-identification and perceived similarity with the other’s face. Experiment 2 revealed that participants with lower interoceptive sensitivity experienced stronger enfacement illusion. Overall, self-identification and body-ownership rely on similar basic mechanisms of multisensory integration, but the effects of multisensory input on their experience are qualitatively different, possibly underlying the face’s unique role as a marker of selfhood. (shrink)

En muchos lugares y ambientes asistimos a condiciones muy preocupantes para los seres humanos. Las relaciones que establecemos, en ocasiones, no humanizan. Urgen otras posibilidades y condiciones antropológicas para reorientar nuestras acciones y los vínculos con los otros. La antropología de la donación prescribe la gratuidad de la existencia y entiende al hombre como un don. Propone entonces una revisión de muchas categorías antropológicas para instaurar un orden de gratuidad y donación para la existencia.

La revista Escritos en su número 56, de manera muy especial y sentida, quiere rendir tributo a la memoria del profesor Jairo Iván Escobar Moncada, quien durante muchos años fue profesor invitado del Doctorado en Filosofía de nuestra universidad, donde impartió cursos y seminarios sobre pensadores antiguos, en especial sobre Platón y sobre filosofía crítica, Adorno y Benjamín, dos de sus grandes pasiones. Durante este tiempo acompañó un gran número de investigaciones doctorales y fue de jurado evaluador en otras; dictó (...) conferencias y consiguió, con su manera jovial y extrovertida, contagiarnos de su pasión por la filosofía y la literatura, por el modo particular de transformarla en modo de vida. De la misma manera que en el Banquete de Platón, provocaba la inteligencia de quienes lo escuchábamos, dejando para el final una sonrisa cuestionadora, como de quien se instala en la perplejidad de lo humano y encuentra refugio en la amistad. Sin ningún tipo de reservas y con enorme generosidad compartía libros, artículos y archivos; era su manera de prolongar el encuentro con la palabra, de hacernos sentir partícipes del asombro. (shrink)

Considering José Cadalso’s Noches Lúgubres [Lugubrious Nights], the article reflects on the possibilities ofrecognizing the other as a condition for an effective process of alterity. In Tediato, the main character and whois plunged into darkness, it is possible to recognize an existential condition pushed to the limit, which needs thepresence of the other to unveil another possibility of meaning. A reunion with oneself is, then, the condition for anopening to the other, which appears as a new existential possibility because the (...) vital meaning of existence dependslargely on our relationship with others. Hence, the relevance of understanding that human beings become humanas long as they have the ability of coming out of themselves to give themselves without reciprocity. (shrink)

La inteligencia artificial y la robótica son dos realidades que han venido para quedarse y cuya implicación en nuestra sociedad afecta a distintos ámbitos. El hecho de que nos encontremos ante una tecnología capaz de emular actitudes humanas como son el aprendizaje o la adaptación, convierten a la IA, y en concreto a los robots dotados de la misma, en máquinas imprevisibles. Asimismo, nos encontramos con la agravante de la posible interacción entre máquinas y sujetos de carácter vulnerable como son (...) los consumidores o los pacientes, lo que entraña un riesgo aún mayor. Precisamente por ello es necesario un análisis desde el punto de vista jurídico, así como también ético, de las consecuencias del manejo de los robots inteligentes en nuestra sociedad. (shrink)

Following Goldman’s seminal work, most contemporary philosophical contributions on the novice-expert relation have adopted a normative, expert-focused approach. In this paper, we aim to shift the focus of the philosophical analysis towards the characteristics of the novices, and how they might determine the choices that experts make. On the bases of recent empirical evidence from social psychology, we discuss how novices evaluate the messages that they receive and distinguish diverse kinds of novices according to their competence in message assessment. Building (...) on that analysis, we discuss the difficulties of approaches to expertise that focus only on the standpoint of novices or assume novices are homogeneous. In our analysis, we introduce the standpoint of experts, and we pay special attention to the heterogeneity of novices. This approach allows us to identify and address the difficulties faced by experts in the context of science communication. In the last part of the paper, we characterise and discuss the problem of experts when choosing a strategy in the issuing of a public campaign to advise or inform certain populations of novices. (shrink)

Fitouchi et al. claim that seemingly victimless pleasures and nonproductive activities are moralized because they alter self-control. Their account predicts that: (1) victimless excesses are negatively moralized because they diminish self-control, and (2) restrained behaviors are positively moralized because they enhance self-control. Several examples run contrary to these predictions and call into question the general relationship between self-control and cooperation.

The goal of this study was to test the role of message framing for effective communication of self-care behaviors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrasting health and economic-focused messages. We presented 319 participants with an unforced choice task where they had to select the message that they believed was more effective to increase intentions toward self-care behaviors, motivate self-care behaviors in others, increase perceived risk and enhance perceived message strength. Results showed that gain-frame health messages increased intention to (...) adopt self-care behaviors and were judged to be stronger. Loss-framed health messages increased risk perception. When judging effectiveness for others, participants believed other people would be more sensitive to messages with an economic focus. These results can be used by governments to guide communication for the prevention of COVID-19 contagion in the media and social networks, where time and space for communicating information are limited. (shrink)

Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, el representante más insigne de la filosofía española del siglo XVIII, ahormó un proyecto con importantísimas repercusiones en ámbitos como la ciencia, la política, la literatura, la economía, la teología o la sociedad. Ese compendio de la temprana o primera Ilustración que es el _Teatro crítico universal_ articuló una manera de situarse ante los problemas e inquietudes de su tiempo que llegó a numerosos espacios de debate, pero también de toma de decisiones. Gracias a la extraordinaria difusión (...) del _Teatro_ y de otras de sus obras en la península, en América y en partes de Europa, Feijoo ejerció una enorme influencia intelectual -una autoridad que posiblemente no haya logrado ningún otro autor posterior en lengua española-. Si este marco de reforma que propugnaba acabó logrando sus frutos en el último tercio del siglo XVIII es otro asunto, pero no cabe duda de que Feijoo fue -utilizando conscientemente un anacronismo- el intelectual público de su época. (shrink)

The Spanish approximators como and como que serve multiple pragmatic functions. They can be employed in similar contexts to express vagueness when speakers experience uncertainty or to hedge and avoid being straightforward. Furthermore, these forms can alternate according to context since they represent two ways of saying the same thing. This study investigated the use of como and como que in two speech events: narratives of personal experience and therapeutic interviews, which were generated by Spanish speakers of several varieties, educational (...) levels, and lengths of residence in the United States. The study was informed by the theoretical frameworks of sociolinguistic and pragmatic variation, and the data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The findings revealed that while como was the preferred form among the speakers of the study they employed como que more often in the therapeutic interviews. Thus, both discourse and the pragmatic functions conditioned the use of these approximators. (shrink)

The idea of man in José Gaos could be explained taking in account two essential axes that make an inter-relationship between them and define man substantially: 1) antinomy love-hate-emotions and motions-expression and 2) reason-thought-language. The first is “the condition of possibility” of the second, being the element more suitable and radical that allows man to think concepts. The emotions and motions impose conditions over his will and determine the moral being that is. The man is a unity, but at the (...) same time, is an oscillation between opposites that make him take consciousness of his individuality, from the others, his historicity and intersubjectivity. The Gaos proposal is an important contribution to the anthropological reflection of the moment, because of the analysis categories that offers, of undeniable value, to the better understanding of suitable aspects of the being and acting of the Latino American man. (shrink)

The most popular work of Francisco Sánchez, Quo nihil scitur (1581), transmits an absolutely sceptic thought. However, other writings like Carmen de Cometa anni M.D.LXXVII (1578), offer us different ideas about how Sánchez considers possible the scientific knowledge like, for example, his idea about the casual relations between natural objects.

Julián Sanz del Río, founder of the philosophical movement of Spanish krausism, evolved politically from the moderate to the progressive liberalism between 1844 and 1854. His moderate friends ignored this occurrence, and supported him, until his reviews of two french books published in the Gaceta de Madrid, denounced for heterodoxy by the traditionalist press and then by the Bishops from Barcelona and Zamora, revealed to them his true true political positions and his anticlericalism.

We start from an understanding of the human person as a communicative and symbolic reality. We emphasise the more subjective aspect of education, as showing the best of the person (educere) by creatively appropriating the treasures of history (educare). With these premises, we approach narratives that are surprising for the heterodoxy (resistance) they manifest, with respect to the social reality in which they were written, in the 1st century, in which they were written. In this approach it becomes evident that (...) the interruption of the silence of women, which appears in these narratives, shows the radical value of the human personal reality, opening an egalitarian educational space. (shrink)

Negri, A. (2020). De la fábrica a la metrópolis. (F. Venturi, trad.). Cactus. 256 pp.

O transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo submete o portador a um ciclo de pensamentos e comportamentos em busca de uma satisfação momentânea. Os sintomas são semelhantes, independente da faixa etária, e as repercussões se dão nos principais setores da vida dos acometidos por transtorno. Por isso, o tratame..

Diverse authors and works are examined to indicate the blossoming of the philosophy and Literature at the end of century XIX. They have in common the affirmation of an vitalism aesthetic, a critic and transformation of the culture and the society through the aesthetics.

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de comparar las características de la conducta prosocial en adolescentes con dificultades para aprender y sus pares sin este antecedente. Estuvo integrado por 44 adolescentes, distribuidos en dos grupos. Se emplearon la entrevista semiestructurada, los cuestionarios de Conducta Prosocial, Conducta Antisocial y de Aislamiento y Soledad a los adolescentes. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó a través del SPSS v.15 en español específicamente la prueba U de Mann Withney. Se apreciaron diferencias (...) entre los grupos en cuanto a la influencia familiar. El comportamiento prosocial en ambos grupos no mostró diferencias significativas. La conducta antisocial aportó diferencias significativas con respecto a las dimensiones aislamiento y retraimiento/ansiedad sobre la dimensión de agresividad. Los indicadores de aislamiento y soledad resultaron más elevados en los adolescentes con dificultades para aprender. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was comparing the characteristics of prosocial behavior in adolescents with Difficulties to Learn and their couples without this antecedent. It was integrated by 44 adolescents. They were used the interview, the questionnaires of Prosocial Behavior, Antisocial Behavior and of Isolation and solitude to the adolescents. El prosecution of the data was carried out through the SPSS v.15 in Spanish, specifically the test U of Mann Withney. Differences were appreciated among the groups as for the family influence. The prosocial behavior in both groups didn't show significant differences. The antisocial behavior contributed significant differences with regard to the dimensions isolation and reserve/anxiety over the dimension of aggressiveness. The isolation indicators and solitude were higher in the adolescents with Difficulties to Learn. (shrink)

This contribution aims to highlight the ambivalent condition of the concepts of transparency and acceleration, considered as key concepts for the understanding of the changes experienced by the conceptions of time from Modernity to Postmodernity. In order to enlight this double value, we will show the difference between a centrifugal acceleration, due to modernity, tied to modernity, which time structure is articulated as an asymptotical approach to the focal point toward it is oriented, and a centripetal acceleration, where the transparency (...) is so perfect that in absence of both bottoms of retraction and a center of gravity providing an order to the time sequence, it expounds all to the visibility, as the concept of freedom unfortunately remains linked to the selfcoercion. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión del estado de la cuestión sobre el concepto de estado de naturaleza en el pensamiento de Thomas Hobbes. Dicha revisión permite articular una comprensión de la naturaleza humana, puesto que a diferencia del realismo político el estado de naturaleza en Hobbes no tiene un rol meramente hipotético. Precisamente, la idea de naturaleza humana articula una proto-moralidad que permite comprender la transición hacia el estado civil. Las investigaciones Kavka, Gauthier y Hampton han (...) construido una compleja compresión de la naturaleza humana, la cual permite entender cierto sustrato de proto-moralidad en el pensamiento hobbesiano. (shrink)

Despite the emphasis placed by most curricula in the development of social and emotional competencies in education, there seems to be a general lack of knowledge of methods that integrate strategies for assessing these competencies into existing educational practices. Previous research has shown that the development of social and emotional competencies in children has multiple benefits, as they seem to contribute to better physical and mental health, an increase in academic motivation, and the well-being and healthy social progress of children. (...) This study aims at assessing the possible changes in children’s self-esteem, socio-emotional competencies, and school-related variables after participating in the Learning to Be project (L2B) project.Methods:This quasi-experimental study included an intervention group (L2B) and a control group. The participants were 221 students in primary education (55.2% girls) between the ages of eight and 11 (M= 9.31; SD = 0.89). The L2B intervention program took place over a period of 5 months. The assessment was carried out twice, before and after the intervention through three main evaluation instruments: the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem questionnaire, the Socio-Emotional competence questionnaire (SEQ), and self-report scales for measuring school difficulties, school engagement, opinions about school, and school absence. Ten schools from different Spanish provinces participated.Results:The results indicate that those participants in the experimental group show higher self-esteem, better responsible decisions, and higher self-awareness than those in the control group. There were no other statistical differences between groups.Conclusions:The results of this work suggest that the implementation of the L2B program did not improve social and emotional competencies in primary school students. Further research related to how include formative assessment in SEL programs is needed. (shrink)

SummaryRecord linking provided information on the complete reproductive schedules of a sample of 1102 couples with at least two children born alive from a rural Spanish community characterised by very high extramarital reproduction. Birth spacing was analysed considering final family size as well as the legitimate–illegitimate status and sex of the newborn, and survival of the preceding sibling.

El presente escrito trata de abordar la relación entre el ser humano y su mundo de productos técnicos mediante la exploración del concepto de desnivel prometeico, acuñado por Günther Anders. De este modo, se llevará a cabo un análisis de correspondencia entre las nociones de Anders y la enajenación marxiana y feuerbachiana, alumbrando así un estudio comparativo de vocación extemporánea y crítica.

Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, el representante más insigne de la filosofía española del siglo XVIII, ahormó un proyecto con importantísimas repercusiones en ámbitos como la ciencia, la política, la literatura, la economía, la teología o la sociedad. Ese compendio de la temprana o primera Ilustración que es el _Teatro crítico universal_ articuló una manera de situarse ante los problemas e inquietudes de su tiempo que llegó a numerosos espacios de debate, pero también de toma de decisiones. Gracias a la extraordinaria difusión (...) del _Teatro_ y de otras de sus obras en la península, en América y en partes de Europa, Feijoo ejerció una enorme influencia intelectual -una autoridad que posiblemente no haya logrado ningún otro autor posterior en lengua española-. Si este marco de reforma que propugnaba acabó logrando sus frutos en el último tercio del siglo XVIII es otro asunto, pero no cabe duda de que Feijoo fue -utilizando conscientemente un anacronismo- el intelectual público de su época. (shrink)